After Elvis Presley's performance on the Milton Berle Program, millions of adolescents, the fortunate beneficiaries of unprecedented American prosperity, with tens of millions of dollars of their own money to spend, were about to transform the music business. By stronger, I mean that they naturally hold more importance in defining both the harmony and overall rhythm of a piece. It's essentially a natural minor scale with a lowered second and fifth scale degree (in addition to the existing 6 and 7 in the natural minor scale). A note that lasts half as long as a whole note is a half note.A note that lasts a quarter as long as a whole note is a quarter note.The pattern continues with eighth notes, sixteenth notes, thirty-second notes, sixty-fourth notes, and so on, each . Takadimi, while utilizing rhythmic symbols borrowed from classical South Indian carnatic music, differentiates itself from this method by focusing the syllables on meter and on western tonal rhythm. are performed as uneven eighth notes in a quasi-triplet rhythm, shifting the proportion from 1:1 . What is a syncopated rhythms? Kinda wonky, eh? Jazz and radio shared a unique relationship. Curriculum The tempo is changed throughout the practice so you. Introducing Time Signatures. A lot of times in dance music, the drums will play on the downbeats while the other instruments (bass, synths, leads, etc.) In 1922, Radiola introduced its ready-built radio, the Console, for popular use. The LANDR Blog is your gateway to learning essential skills, growing as a music creator and reaching your goals. Even with the prohibitive price of $75, radios soon became a fixture in the American home. 1.2 The beat. One of the most recognizable features of swing rhythms is swung eighth notes. We found one answer for the crossword clue Syncopated rhythm. Physician Assistant Dermatology Fellowship, Dauphin County Sheriff Concealed Carry Permit, funerals today at howe bridge crematorium, fruit of the loom mandela effect explained, commercial litigation law firms near ankara, setting in the handmaids tale and frankenstein, senior apartments for rent in fredericton, nb, will labour win the next election australia, a memoir on my thirst for knowledge seeking. A syncopated rhythm goes against this pattern by putting the accent on weak beats.. Let me explain through a worked example. Off-beat syncopation happens when a note, melody, or rhythm falls on one of the weak beats in a measure. What is the best correction of the sentence fragment in sentence 2 ? 4, all 16th-notes are written with the accents marked. Diatonic Harmony, Tonicization, and Modulation, Authentic Cadences (they sound conclusive! Do you agree or disagree? A dot after a quarter note takes the place of a tied eighth note. For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3. If the accents seem to be off from where you would expect them, thats another good sign that syncopation is being used. Syncopation is when a note, strum, or musical event happens in between the downbeats. 2. You need at least one shorter eighth-note or eighth-note rest to move the rhythm into syncopation. It just may not be the loudestbeat.). Eighth notes that are equal, as opposed to swing eighths (which are unequal). A periodicthat is, regularly occurringpulse that underlies a piece of music, the beat is something we have all experienced while listening. Dotted Half Notes and Quarter Rests, Worksheet 1.2. Practice eighth notes along with quarter notes, half notes, dotted half notes, and quarter and half rests in 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4 time signatures with the Unit 5 Time Lines Rhythm Exercises. 2016-05-22 18:22:24. A further 3 clues may be related. This masterclass with Tony Allen gives a great insight into learning syncopated rhythm. (5) Follow these guidelines to take appropriate meeting minutes. Then, answer the question that follows. In this way, musical rhythm is like a fractal. You wont regret getting lost there. Want to create or adapt books like this? Tony Allen took syncopated African drum rhythms to the next level by taking them to the drumset with Fela Kutis band in the 70s. The backbeat and the swing eighth together make up an important part of a standard swing drum beat (Example4). The triplet rhythm notated in Example 1 is a common way to explain swing, but in reality, the exact ratio of swing eighths varies from piece to piece and from performer to performer. Using a slightly syncopated rhythm between the kicks and snares to create some new two bar groove 'shapes'. The tempo is changed throughout the practice so you. In contemporary pop/rock music, syncopation typically involves taking a series of notes of equal durations, cutting the duration of the first note in half, and shifting the rest early by that half duration. Practice in various time signatures: 4/4, 3/4, and 2/4.Print, cut, and laminate for classroom use.Display PDF for larg. OPEN MUSIC THEORY by Megan Lavengood is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Octave Equivalence and White-Key Letter Names on the Piano Keyboard, American Standard Pitch Notation and Pitch versus Pitch Class, Beaming, Stems, Flags, and Multi-Measure Rests, Listening to and Conducting Compound Meters, Scale Degrees, Solfge, and Scale-Degree Names, Minor Scale Degrees, Solfge, and Scale-Degree Names, Strategies for Sight-Singing and Sight-Counting, The Major Scale Method for Determining Quality, Doubly and Triply Augmented and Diminished Intervals, Another Method for Intervals: The White-Key Method, Triadic Qualities and Listening to Triads, Identifying Triads, Doubling, and Spacing, Seventh Chord Qualities in Major and Minor, Identifying Seventh Chords, Doubling, and Spacing, Analysis: Purcells Sonata in G Minor (Z 807), The Idea Level, the Phrase, and Segmentation Analysis, Two Categories: Archetypes vs. This chapter introduces two especially signficant rhythmsswing eighths and the backbeatand discusses syncopation generally. You can think of each measure as having 4 beats or pulses. And within each measure, some of those beats will be stronger than others. MM Laredo Resource Book p. E-2 Reading Sequence 1 Morning Comes Early Resource Book pp. Thats because hes the pioneer of an entire drumming style known as afrobeat. Free worksheets to practice writing in counts to rhythms. And while its meant for drummers, any musician can pick this up and learn how the rhythms are felt just by clapping or playing them on an instrument. In this lesson you will be using a very simple syncopated idea to construct one bar eighth note fills. Theres so many examples of music across all genres that use the technique, its hard to name just a few resources to look at. 1. This is done by "putting a feeling of triplets behind the basic beat.". It takes the major scale and makes it sound more expansive, hopeful, floaty, and mysterious. Located at the beginning of the first line of a musical score, after the . This is a way to improvise. Dotted Quarter Note Followed by Eighth Note, Additional Practice, Worksheet 2.15 Eighth Note Triplets, Worksheet 2.16 Eighth Note Triplets, Additional Practice 2.17. Included in this set: -23 Ti Ta Ti cards (both colored . This is why most chord changes in common-time music happen on the first and third beats of a measure (as opposed to the weak beats). Broadly speaking, rhythm refers to the duration of musical sounds and rests in time. Its a key ingredient in writing rhythms that make a track move along and stay fresh. Your Custom Text Here. Theory guides, production tips, new free plugins, gear guides and moredelivered weekly, LANDR Studio CoursesLevel up your music production skills. Syncopation can also happen on the beat, such as in a swung rhythm. The answer for the clue Syncopated rhythm on Crossword Clues, the ultimate guide to solving crosswords. Music Theory Worksheets are hugely helpful when learning how to read music. Cross-rhythms are created when two rhythms are played against each other in an unequal ratio, such as 3:4 or 5:8. For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3. Can you play yours right when you hear other rhythms? FIGURE 4 is an example of syncopation using ties to accent the eighth-note upbeats. B. For example, a series of four quarter notes, all sounding on the beat, can be transformed in this way by making the first note into an . How does it differ from classic jazz? Constructing fills using simple syncopation within an eighth note pattern. Eighth Notes 2-Handed 1 (Can be used as duet . ", On August 1, 1942, the American Federation of Musicians ordered its members to stop making records other than the "V discs" intended only for servicemen until the record companies agreed to pay them each time their music was played in jukeboxes or on the radio. In the choruses, the relationship is around the other way. But heres a very quick recap of some concepts you need to understand. Michael Finnegan. It combined the music of marches (such as those composed by John Philip Sousa) with the rhythms of African music. o Make a chart on board showing the relationships of basic note values o Use circle/pie charts . Heres the offbeat parts of a sixteenth-note rhythm: one-E-AND-A, two-E-AND-A, three-E-AND-A, four-E-AND-A. Your Custom Text Here. Swing eighths. Step 1. Syncopation means emphasizing the "weak" parts of the beat or measureanything other than 1, 2, 3 or 4. Hard bop infused the earlier style with elements of R&B, blues, and gospel. Your Custom Text Here. Buddy Bolden was a cornetist who helped create the new form of music of classic jazz. From there, syncopation became a staple of jazz, Latin music, and African music. Note Values. (2) Although some people may say you need to do it. This is a very simple example of syncopation. Eighth notes often come in a pair . Differences: 1. LIFE For the Widowed Program. In other words the beat has an unusual structure. Syncopation is extremely common in todays pop music, but its also used in a variety of other genres. News; Newsletters; Advertisement; Events; Vacancy; Interesting Websites Suspension syncopation sustains the weak beats through the strong beats. A half note gets 2 (half of 4). Chatarius Atwell Scouting Report, 2021. Crossword Solver. (1) How could anyone copy down every single word said at a meeting? What genres is syncopation most common in? A tie is a curved line arcing between two notes of the same pitch. Crossword Solver; Popular Clues A-Z; Q & A; Anagrams; Word Game; . This is lesson is step 4 / 6 of a LANDR Lesson Plan. Rhythm Worksheets (Click here to see the following new Rhythm Drills) Eighth Notes 1 Eighth Notes 2 Eighth Notes 3 Eighth Notes 4 Eighth Notes 5 Stay tuned for 2 handed rhythms and rhythm duets featuring eighth notes! Central to both rhythm and meter is a musical characteristic referred to as the beat. So it was radio that helped to spread jazz, piping Duke Ellington's Cotton Club performances into American homes just as families sat down for dinner or settling in for the evening. In this lesson we're going to explore another really cool rhythmic arrangement trick that's used a lot in rock, where you sort of interrupt the regular flow of rhythm with a series of accents or anticipations. file, review the whole, half, quarter and eighth note with students. So, any rhythm that aligns with or emphasizes these pulsesthe pulses on beat one, two, three, or fouris considered an on-beat rhythm. Now listen to what happens when we shift our rhythm over by just one eighth note. It also indicates how long these beats last. Beginning Rhythm in Common Time, Worksheet 1.3. Sig P938 Iwb Magazine Holster, Syncopation is used all the time in music. So now that youre up to date on syncopation, its time to sit down and practice using it in your music and on your instrument. The other examples are very good at explaining the theory. Your Custom Text Here. First we want to acknowledge that the above example is in 4/4 time. Are you looking for more answers, or do you have a question . Practice in various time signatures: 4/4, 3/4, and 2/4.Print, cut, and laminate for classroom use.Display PDF for larg. And an eighth gets a half beat (half of 1). J . But fundamental to understanding syncopation is understanding the basics of strong and weak beats. Then try to recognize a repeating pattern in the song, such as a chord progression or a drum beat. Eighth notes often come in a pair . It takes time to learn how to play outside of the beat. distance between 2 notes that have the same letter name, contains 12 half steps. The grouping and divisions of beats in regular, recurring patterns. Open Offbeat Eighth Note Hi Hats In Double Time Grooves HOT: Most Popular Recently. This happens when a note anticipates a chord change by moving early to a pitch in the imminent harmony. How is it related to jazz? Theory for the modern musician. With a friend: Each person picks a different line and you both play your lines at the same time. Here are just a few examples of syncopation across genres: As you can see, syncopation is used in a wide variety of genres not just funk and hip-hop. Then, when they come back to their lessons, they play their rhythms on a rhythm instrument that they have picked from my selection. Does Career Mode Autosave Fifa 22, A performance practice in which two notated eighth notes are performed unequally, in about a 2:1 proportion. Topics include: eighth notes, eighth note triplets, sixteenth notes, cut time, compound meter (6/8), and syncopation. It is the go-to "sad" key for pretty much all music. Virtually all Western music has an underlying pulse of this sort. It is difficult to discern where the downbeats are. Free worksheets to practice writing in counts to rhythms. Suspension Syncopation. Strong and weak beats are the pulses that drive the beat along according to the 4/4 time signature. Syncopation Definition. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics for the Young. Of course, you probably dont want to use syncopation throughout all of your track. What are the characteristics of jazz music? For example, in classical music, composers often wrote in established forms such as sonatas and symphonies. In this video, we take a look at doted quarter notes, single eighth notes, and the eighth rest. Suspension syncopation sustains the weak beats through the strong beats. Jazz fusion was named after the blending of jazz with rock. Crossword Solver. Theory for the modern musician. Take a look at this sheet music and listen to the example. Sig Cross Review, . Syncopation is usually created through accents and/or longer durations. Who was Buddy Bolden? Constructing fills using simple syncopation within an eighth note pattern. A rhythmic phenomenon in which the hierarchy of the underlying meter is contradicted through surface rhythms. Example: a dotted quarter note equals a quarte noter plus a tied eighth note on piz - pizza-za gooeycheese on piz - pieza gooeycheese on pep - onper - i- piz-za gooeycheese on red pep per- pie Theory for the modern musician. Printed in the United States of America An understanding of rhythm is one of the most important factors in a musician's ability to sight read. Many strumming patterns contain syncopation and almost all melodies do. One of the most common types of syncopation is suspension. Before understanding syncopation, it is important to understand meter more generally (refer to the chapters on simple and compound meter). The answer for the clue Syncopated rhythm on Crossword Clues, the ultimate guide to solving crosswords. And if you want to go deeper into more melody-writing techniques, check out my course on how to compose music for video games. If youre not already familiar with syncopation, I highly recommend checking out some of the examples in this article. Title: Level 1 Rhythm Practice Created Date: 1/18/2018 6:11:43 PM . This can create some really interesting effects, especially when the two rhythms combine to form interesting harmonic patterns. +90 212 853 03 77 . Theyre created by playing one rhythm against another, usually with one instrument playing a fastiddle-like rhythmic part while the other keeps a slower, more steady pulse going. Rhythm Worksheets (Click here to see the following new Rhythm Drills) Eighth Notes 1 Eighth Notes 2 Eighth Notes 3 Eighth Notes 4 Eighth Notes 5 Stay tuned for 2 handed rhythms and rhythm duets featuring eighth notes! Time signature: A musical time signature indicates the number of beats per measure. eighth note syncopated rhythms 1 answer key. It adds rhythm interest, and typically rhythms that make you want to dance contain a lot of syncopation. The Devil Went Down To Georgia by Charlie Daniels Band; Just The Two Of Us (Feat. Add an answer. That means there are 4 beats in the measure and the quarter note equals 1 beat. The "." always adds half of the dotted note's value. Feel free to download these PDF worksheets and answer sheets by clicking on the links below.. African music is another great example of syncopated rhythms. The backbeat is an accent on beats 2 and 4 of a quadruple meter. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . The backbeat is accented with the closed hi-hat cymbal, while the swing eighths are played on the ride cymbal. Here, I'll be using the 7 shape note system which has been around since the m. Example: a dotted quarter note equals a quarte noter plus a tied eighth note on piz - pizza-za gooeycheese on piz - pieza gooeycheese on pep - onper - i- piz-za gooeycheese on red pep per- pie Answers is the place to go to get the answers you need and to ask the questions you want. King Oliver pioneered the use of what in jazz? Syncopation is an advanced form of music theory. By 1924, there were 583 stations nationwide, and an estimated three million receivers in use. Want to be challenged? From rock, fusion got its power, rhythm, and simplicity: electronic instruments (i.e., electric guitars, basses, and keyboard synthesizers), rock rhythms (i.e., straight -- not swung -- eighth notes), and simple harmony (i.e., often just long one or two chord vamps). Get everything LANDR has to offer with LANDR Studio. When Wright saw his father again after twenty-five years, what did he realize about his father? Oftentimes, classical composers like Bach and Beethoven would use syncopated rhythms in the melodic line to create interest and variety. Set against the backdrop of that steady kickdrum, its a recipe for making you wanna dance! For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3. Aeolian Mode is commonly used in folk music as well as many classical compositions and contemporary pop songs. Latin rhythms are a deep rabbit hole of rhythmic complexity. That said, syncopation began to gain popularity in Western music during the Renaissance when composers started experimenting with shifting musical phrases over by a half-beat. Swing jazz was popular during which period? ), Writing Authentic Cadences (with triads only), Writing Half Cadences (using I and V only), Category 1: Embellishing tones that move by step, Category 2: Embellishing tones that involve a leap, Category 3: Embellishing tones involving static notes, Identifying the Phrase Model in Harmonic Analysis, Substituting the leading-tone chord in place of V(7), Using the leading-tone chord as a half-diminished seventh chord, Writing plagal motion after an authentic cadence, Writing plagal motion at a phrase beginning, Adding tonicization to diatonic progressions, Secondary dominantsas altered diatonic chords, Connection to the lament-bass progression, Recognizing augmented sixth chords when analyzing, Deriving a CTo7 chord from multiple neighbor tones, More Networks of Neo-Riemannian Transformations, Common-Tone Diminished Seventh Chords (CTo7), Applying Chord-Scales to Progressions within a Key, Using the Clock Face to Transpose and Invert, Diatonic Modes in the 20thand 21st centuries, Important Considerations with Collections, Overlapping Segments and the All-Interval Row, The Emergence and Evolution of the Twelve-Tone Technique, For the attack-sustain (resonance) effect, Not limited, and perhaps not sosensible either, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Several core elements comprise the fundamentals of musical rhythm. Is much of jazz music after the 1940s is based, to some degree, on bebop? For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3. I wont judge you if you like this song. The Types of Syncopation in Music. For notes that are longer than a quarter note and for rests dashes are used. What is STIMEY? file, review the whole, half, quarter and eighth note with students. Improvisation is the act of creating music in the moment by responding to aspects such as the music of others playing, the atmosphere, the musician's inner feelings, and so on. FIGURE 4 is an example of syncopation using ties to accent the eighth-note upbeats. Given that syncopation leans so heavily on the rhythmic aspect of making music, it makes sense that the drums are an instrument to turn to when learning about this subject. Syncopation is often described as being off beat. Constructing fills using simple syncopation within an eighth note pattern. Its the best resource for learning about syncopated rhythms and practicing the ones you need to learn most. This beat is what you will count as quarter notes. Beginning Rhythm in 3 / 4 Time, Worksheet 1.4. So (using 1 beat to represent a quarter-note in 4/4 time) a dotted half-note is 3 beats instead of 2 (2+1) a dotted quarter is 1.5 beats (1 + 1/2) a dotted eighth is 3/4 of a beat (1/2 + 1/4). So, it's important to understand how music notation works to learn syncopated rhythms. This created a more complex, interesting, and tension-filled sound. Another way to identify syncopation is to listen to where the accents fall in the music. Welcome to our page on Reading Rhythms and Counting Music. In my course on composing video game music, I dedicate an entire lesson to syncopation. The next rhythm I see is this 8th note floating out in the middle of nowhere. A quarter gets 1 (half of 2). And even more aggressively, when we shift it over to the last sixteenth note: A polyrhythm is when two (or more) rhythms are played at the same time, creating a complex interlocking pattern. Jazz players can take almost any melody and make it sound like jazz. How is jazz music similar to classical music? They also include the rhythms Ta (quarter note), Ti-Ti (eighth notes), quarter rest, half note, sixteenth notes, Ti-Tika (eighth/two sixteenths), and Tika-Ti (two sixteenths/eighth). Theory for the modern musician. In music, syncopation refers to an unexpected addition to a previously predictable pattern in rhythm. An example of syncopation created with rests and ties is in Example 5. What is a syncopated rhythms? In theoretical terms this is called 'syncopation' and in a rock context it often shows up as multiple anticipations in a row. The syncopated rhyth. bottom # is 2 = half note. Title: Level 1 Rhythm Practice Created Date: 1/18/2018 6:11:43 PM . To keep things simple well look at syncopation in 4/4 since its the most common time signature. Contrast this with the straight eighths in the middle section of the overture, which begins at 0:52 (Example3). News; Newsletters; Advertisement; Events; Vacancy; Interesting Websites Theory for the modern musician. Although some people may say you need to do it, it is impossible! Using a slightly syncopated rhythm between the kicks and snares to create some new two bar groove 'shapes'. Latin music also frequently employs clave, a rhythmic pattern thats played on two wooden sticks. Home Page; About Intro LIFE For the Widowed and Their Future In this lesson we're going to explore another really cool rhythmic arrangement trick that's used a lot in rock, where you sort of interrupt the regular flow of rhythm with a series of accents or anticipations. The time signatures commonly used are 4/4 (common time) and 3/4. Most importantly you need to understand how rhythmic pulse works in music. It adds rhythm interest, and typically rhythms that make you want to dance contain a lot of syncopation. Swing eighthsare performed as uneven eighth notes in a quasi-triplet rhythm, shifting the proportion from 1:1 to, roughly, 2:1that is, the first eighth note is about twice as long as the second eighth note. Crossword Solver; Popular Clues A-Z; Q & A; Anagrams; Word Game; . Syncopation in music is when a rhythm or set of rhythms are played off the common pulse of a piece to make a part or entire section off-beat. Backbeats are common in jazz and pop styles. Why did the highly religious Baroque style have little impact in Holland? Staff. "Syncopa" rhythms with eighth notes and quarter notes. After a quick transition in the trumpets, swing eighths return for the third part of the overture, which begins at 1:39. first beat: eighth note, then under the "2", there'll be a "3" to indicate a triplet, consisting of an eighth note and a sixteenth. Are there are over two dozen different forms of jazz music? Curriculum Dotted Quarter Note Followed by Eighth Note, Additional Practice, Worksheet 2.15 Eighth Note Triplets, Worksheet 2.16 Eighth Note Triplets, Additional Practice 2.17. If you do not actually say the lowercase 2 and 4, they will tend to get shorted. A. Practice drawing stems, flags, and beams on the staves provided below. From jazz, fusion got its sophistication and complexity: sophisticated improvisations and complex interplay among the musicians. Unfortunately there are few resources available to students in this area. For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3. Intro Property Turkey. Eighth notes are equal to 1/8 the length of a whole note. In the first . Meter in which beats group into units of two (e.g., 2/4, 2/2, or 6/8). The simplest-looking note, with no stems or flags, is a whole note.All other note lengths are defined by how long they last compared to a whole note. What is STIMEY? Hot jazz is a form of jazz that emphasized improvisation. Just be sure to physically miss the strings on the downstroke of beat 1. Meter emerges when a series of equally spaced pulses imply a sense of hierarchy. Theory for the modern musician. Eighth Notes 2. All of the following suggest that the music is a scherzo except the (polyphonic texture/triplet rhythms/quick tempo/string and wind orchestration. Wiki User. This type of syncopation is often used in ballads and other slow-tempo songs to add harmonic interest. As mentioned in the previous part of this series, rests and long notes are usually counted . Learn about pacing/pulse, notes and rests (whole, half,. Beginning Rhythm in Common Time, Worksheet 1.3 Beginning Rhythm in 3 / 4 Time, Worksheet 1.4 Beginning Rhythm Quarter, Half, Whole Notes, and Rests, Worksheet 2.0 . So that's beat 1. Syncopation means emphasizing the "weak" parts of the beat or measureanything other than 1, 2, 3 or 4. . Students can practice their syncopated rhythms in the context of half notes, quarter notes, eighth notes, and sixteenth notes. Notation of Notes, Clefs, and Ledger Lines, Chelsey Hamm; Mark Gotham; and Bryn Hughes, Chelsey Hamm; Kris Shaffer; and Mark Gotham, Bryn Hughes; Mark Gotham; and Chelsey Hamm, Major Scales, Scale Degrees, and Key Signatures, Minor Scales, Scale Degrees, and Key Signatures, Introduction to Diatonic Modes and the Chromatic "Scale", The Basics of Sight-Singing and Dictation, Kris Shaffer; Chelsey Hamm; and Samuel Brady, Roman Numerals and SATB Chord Construction, Galant schemas The Rule of the Octave and Harmonizing the Scale with Sequences, Foundational Concepts for Phrase-Level Forms, Expansion and Contraction at the Phrase Level, Introduction to Harmony, Cadences, and Phrase Endings, Strengthening Endings with Strong Predominants, Prolonging Tonic at Phrase Beginnings with V6 and Inverted V7s, Performing Harmonic Analysis Using the Phrase Model, Prolongation at Phrase Beginnings using the Leading-Tone Chord, La (Scale Degree 6) in the Bass at Beginnings, Middles, and Endings, The Mediant Harmonizing Mi (Scale Degree 3) in the Bass, Extended Tonicization and Modulation to Closely Related Keys, Bryn Hughes; Kris Shaffer; and Megan Lavengood, Introduction to Harmonic Schemas in Pop Music, Pitch-Class Sets, Normal Order, and Transformations, Mark Gotham; Megan Lavengood; Brian Moseley; and Kris Shaffer, Analyzing with Modes, Scales, and Collections, Examples for Sight-counting and Sight-singing: Level 1, Examples for Sight-counting and Sight-singing: Level 2.