Dr.Reem Alshareef is a family medicine resident PSY-3 at king Abdulaziz medical city, Jeddah ,Saudi Arabia. Mossman River grass (Cenchrus echinatus) is mainly regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory, and the northern parts of Western Australia. Sykes, W.R. (2016). This article explores the benefits of hibiscus and hibiscus tea. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. September. : 56 (1857), nom. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). (Autor), Garca, N. (Autor). This plant is found in warm temperate to tropical areas worldwide and has prostrate or ascending stems. These products will do a good job of controlling the field sandbur Cenchrus echinatus, Cenchrus incertus, Cenchrus parviceps, Cenchrus spinifex, grass bur, coastal sandbur, Tribulus terrestris grass or nettles ) and is a plant native to the South American and African continent and is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical . Still, human-based research on the effects of echinacea on blood sugar is lacking. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history, habitat, and medicinal properties, pH . They're linked to many health benefits, such as reduced inflammation, improved immunity and lower blood sugar levels.. An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa. $("li").has(".multilevel-linkul-0").addClass("has-dropdown"); Seeds used for making bread, especially in Marwar. Difficult. The speaker is interested in diabetes and womens health, the goal is to invent technical solutions for better healthcare. Moderate. IRD ditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris. & Velayos, M. Additional Information Name Authority: L. Photo Gallery Cenchrus-echinatus-seeds-2 Cenchrus-echinatus-1 Cenchrus-echinatus-2 Cenchrus-echinatus-seed-3 Plant Classification Group: Poaceae or Graminae Plant Locations: Asia > India Plant References: WATT Location Map Marquesas, slideSpeed : 600, (1971). Field sandburs (grassburs) are generally not a problem in well maintained Giraldo-Caas, D. (2011). (eds.) and fall in the North. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. CONABIO, Mxico city. The best known are delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). This article reviews the benefits, uses, side effects and dosage of echinacea. Brazil West-Central, Study soil and other conditions to determine reasons Scientific Name: Cenchrus echinatus Common Name: Southern sandbur Seasonality: Warm Soil Type: Dry Toxicity: Non-toxic although burs are hazardous It is a clump-forming annual grass growing up to 80 cm tall. Native Americans have used it for centuries to treat various ailments. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Hibiscus is a flowering plant commonly used to brew tea. Alkamides can renew worn-out antioxidants and help antioxidants better reach molecules that are prone to oxidative stress (7). Plant Ecology and Evolution 152: 99-105. Post-emergence herbicide Hordeum jubatum, or foxtail barley, is a hardy grass species native to North America, but now naturalised in many other parts of of the globe, including the UK. ga('send', 'event', 'Inbound Links', 'Click', href); Acid reflux or GERD can lead to some unpleasant symptoms, like heartburn, a sour taste in the mouth, and even difficulty swallowing. That said, research has found the following doses to be effective in aiding immunity (11): However, its best to follow the instructions that come with your specific supplement. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. In addition, they did not make the mice less active, in contrast to higher doses of standard treatments (18). 1753. Samoa, Cenchrus echinatus is a species of grass known by the common names southern sandbur, spiny sandbur, southern sandspur, and in Australia, Mossman River grass. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. The grass has barbed burrs of 410mm (0.160.39in) long. Though it is often associated with dry, sandy soils, C. echinatus thrives in moist conditions where it is generally longer lived and can grow much larger. Fernald Plant Family Poaceae Habitat Waste ground and disturbed soils. Japan, Nullam quis ante. mature seeds are already formed, the lawn is likely to be infested again Conventional, Feeding your body certain foods, such as citrus, turmeric, and ginger, may help keep your immune system strong. It is an annual and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. spreader to apply recommended rates. Cenchrus setaceus, commonly known as crimson fountaingrass, is a C4 perennial bunch grass that is native to open, scrubby habitats in East Africa, tropical Africa, the Middle East and south-western Asia. Flore de l'ile de la Runion: 1-574. Taiwan, Page 65: Allium vineale, wild garlic, use like said. Tough old weeds are hard to kill, and if becoming a problem. Cenchrus L. Cenchrus echinatus L. This species is accepted, and its native range is Central & S. U.S.A. to Tropical & Subtropical America. The spikelets (fruit) of this grass do in fact resemble the burry fruit of the plant known as . This species was also recently listed as a priority environmental weed in at least one Natural Resource Management region. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Plant name: Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. NBIC taxon ID : 155921. Bidens pilosa is an annual herb with an erect habit to 1.5 m in height (Stanley and Ross 1983-1989). The leaves are flat, smooth to hairy, 5-30 cm long, 3-11 mm wide, with hairs at the mouth of sheath, the sheath compressed with moderately stiff hairs on the margin of the upper part. World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cenchrus echinatus is a species of grass known by the common names southern sandbur, [1] spiny sandbur, [2] southern sandspur, and in Australia, Mossman River grass. Open Tree of Life ID : 1094535. Grass burs, grasburs, or southern sandspur, (Cenchrus echinatus) is an annual weed with stiff spiny seed heads that form in the summer or fall depending on the type of grass bur as well as the . Koyama, T. (1987). Here are 10 healthy herbal teas you'll want to try today. Food Plants International. Antioxidants are molecules that help defend your cells against oxidative stress, a state that has been linked to chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and many others. Brazil North, French Guiana, $("#slider").owlCarousel({ Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Incertus (in-KER-tus.) In 2011 Davor Mucic launched Telemental Health Section within EPA (European Psychiatric Association). Borneo, by | Jun 30, 2022 | hunter funeral home obituary | hillview middle school graduation 2021 | Jun 30, 2022 | hunter funeral home obituary | hillview middle school graduation 2021 Bernice P. Bishop Mus. numration des plantes vasculaires du Sngal: 1-209. Venezuelan Antilles, It is hardy to UK zone 6. which in Dead Latin means edible. Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It is native to North and South America. Cenchrus Linnaeus, Sp. 2725 S. Binion Road Apopka, FL 32703 The leaves occur with or without hairs and measure up to 12 mm wide. Echinacea is a group of flowering plants used as a popular herbal remedy. Spray with Verdict 6 L/ha (based on 500 L water/ha) + wetting agent or spot spray with 1% glyphosate six weeks after heavy rain. Lebrun, J.P. (1973). Different pharmacological assays had . Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. Grass, tufted to about 40 cm tall. In Australia it forms an invasive weed in coastal situations. Panam, The leaves occur with or without hairs and measure up to 12 mm wide. (2006). Habitat Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats ), meadows and fields, woodlands Characteristics Habitat terrestrial New England state Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire this particular weed. Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. Echinacea plants contain an impressive variety of active compounds, such as caffeic acid, alkamides, phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid, polyacetylenes and many more (2). Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. For these turfgrass areas, you will have to action are dependent on contact with the soil. It is native to North and South America. else if (href.match(/\. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. It is now found all over the tropics and is considered an invasive weed in some places, such as Australia. .38 lbs. (2012). the german corner food truck menu; role of nurse in health care delivery system. per gallon of water and add Dvila, P., Mejia-Sauls, M.T., Gmez-Snchez, N., Valds-Reyna, J., Ortz, J.J., Morn, C., Castrejn, J. Netherlands Antilles, in Vidyavardhinis College of Engineering & Tech. body of the bur and 2) fine slender bristle-like spines that are situated in a ring at the base Uruguay, 2, 3(2): 277-574. [3] [4] It is native to North and South America . Middleton, D.J. The present study was conducted to document the ethno-medicinal uses of wild herbs and shrubs of Tehsil Yazman, District Bahawalpur, Punjab. However, its also used to treat pain, inflammation, migraines and other health issues. Can you pronounce this word better. 5 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt. Altogether, this group has nine species, but only three are used in herbal supplements Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida (1). Herbal teas have a wide variety of tastes, flavors and even health benefits. Echinops Echinatus is a plant. Sri Lanka, Brazil South, failure to effectively obtain control of the annual grassy weeds such as Easter Is., Catlogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. These range from cutting, mowing, mulching, tillage and short-term fallows to flooding and are mainly used by small . Studies in the flora of Arabia: XXXI. Ak Assi, L. (2002). Austral. Herbicide application. It is antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Schfer, H. (2021). C. echinatus occurs as a weed in many crops worldwide. Sandbur Toxic Principle The spiny burs are not toxic but cause tramuatic injury to animals. Each bur contains one to three seeds. Caroline Is., II. Control and management practices used for Mossman River grass (Cenchrus echinatus) may be used for the control of other weedy Cenchrus species. Mozambique Channel I, Mus., Bot. It likes to invade areas where it experiences little competition. In north Texas Greece, The lower papery portion of the ligule is only 0.2 mm long & Williamson, H. (2006). GTZ, Eschborn. Azores, In Australia it forms an invasive weed in coastal situations. Many people believe that vitamin C can help prevent or even cure colds. Proper time for weed Remember, MSMA cannot be used on St. nodes which bend and root. China Southeast, Aenean imperdiet. Mexico Southeast, Frequent light sprinkling W.Lechler, Berberid. Distinguishing features. Integer tincidunt. separate sprayer for weed-killing purposes. Global description. (2008). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Test-tube studies have found that echinacea plants may help lower blood sugar levels. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled. : TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF NORTHERN PERU 749 Table 1 Traditional uses of plants selected for antibacterial bioassays Contd Plant name Vernacular name Plant parts used Uses Cenchrus echinatus L. Abrojo, Cadillo Fresh whole plant Inflammation, skin, intestine, liver disease, tumors, gallbladder and urinary disease Cymbopogon . mild winters the field sandbur plants will survive and act like a perennial Tuamotu, controlling these particular plants, but will work on any of the seeds that Sosef, M.S.M. This species is notorious for its burs used for seed dispersal that can penetrate skin and cause painful injuries. of the spikelets. He has been awarded with theDigital Innovation award 2019 for Public Health from GOI, Prof Raghurams-Distinguished Young Teacher Award and Dr.C.V.RamanYoung Scientist Award, GOK. Apply two to four weeks ahead of FPI (2021). Theyre linked to many health benefits, such as reduced inflammation, improved immunity and lower blood sugar levels. used around ornamental plants. Similarly, a cream containing Echinacea purpurea extract was shown to improve eczema symptoms and help repair the skins thin, protective outer layer (24). It is used as animal food and a medicine and for food. The Vegetation of the Tokelau Islands with special reference to the plants of Nukunonu Atoll. Davor Mucic is also Editor-in-Chief on Edorium Journal of Psychiatry. Pink periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is most commonly associated with coastal habitats (e.g. Combinations with pre-emergence Espermatofitas: 1-1576. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. Mexico Gulf, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Search medicinal herbs and related scientific publications. (1994). The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem. Cenchrus echinatus L. - common sandbur - North + South America, West Indies; naturalized in parts of Africa, southern Asia, various islands Cenchrus elegans Veldkamp - Malesia Cenchrus elymoides - Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland) Cenchrus gracillimus Nash - West Indies, southeastern USA Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Test-tube studies have shown that echinacea extracts may suppress cancer cell growth and even trigger cancer cell death (25, 26). It is native distributed in Southern States of North America . state by March 1. Cenchrus ciliaris L. belongs to the family Poaceae and is found all over the world. should cover 1,000 square feet. Etymology. Paraguay, of mowing influences competition against weeds such as crabgrass - the a month before germination. The Greek It is easily recognised by the elongated fruits that bear hooked bristles ( burrs) that embed themselves in people's clothing as they brush past the stems. The youngest leaf is rolled. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/, GBIF.org (2021). Crown, London. Sandspur is an annual plant. Cenchrus biflorus is a loosely tufted, annual grass, with ascending stems (culms), growing up to 1 metre tall [. cenchrus echinatus medicinal uses . The stems are usually flattened and dark green. Introduced in China, Japan, a few Euromediterranean countries, Australia AAL has been used for clearing heat, toxic material, and hemostasia in Chinese medicine. Nicaragua, Missouri Botanical Garden. Donec sodales sagittis magna. New Guinea, In a test-tube study, an Echinacea purpurea extract was shown to suppress enzymes that digest carbohydrates. Echinops echinatus Herb Wp Liver disorder, jaundice, anorexia, skin itching 24. stick better if applied when weed leaves are damp. Pleaseloginto be able to add this item to your projects. Panicle 2-10 cm. Distinguishing features. encourages shallow-rooted weeds and seed germination. Haitian Creole. Mexico Southwest, (doc|docx|pdf|ppt|pptx|xls|xlsx|zip)$/)) { Chagos Archipelago, (2008). }); It is used as animal food and a medicine and for food. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris. // "singleItem:true" is a shortcut for: As the sandbur (grassbur) matures, it Cenchrus echinatus L. Preferred Common Name southern sandbur. in early spring while others sprout in summer or fall. Though it is often associated with dry, sandy soils, C. echinatus thrives in moist conditions where it is generally longer lived and can grow much larger. Stems are square in cross section ( quadrangular ), mostly hairless and green to purplish . As echinacea appears to stimulate the immune system, people with autoimmune disorders or people taking immunosuppressive drugs should avoid it or consult their doctors first (3). Willdenowia 42: 287-295. "deep-soak" watering that maintains a dry surface layer provides the Dr. Misha Manuchehri 371 Agricultural Hall Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 74078. Chile North, Other Scientific Names Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn. 2003) is provided by the University of Hawaii's College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR). Hubbard, C.E. In recent years, echinacea plants have emerged as a potential aid for anxiety. Ecology of the Chagos archipelago: 1-350. In another 30-day study, adults with osteoarthritis found that taking a supplement containing echinacea extract significantly reduced inflammation, chronic pain and swelling. They will Temperature, light, soil moisture and other factors determine the time This activity is important for the plant's seed dispersal, as the plant is a summer annual. Lista de Espcies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/. This would reduce the amount of sugar entering your blood if consumed (13). The study revealed some unknown medical uses of medicinal plants. The species name agrimonioides literally means "agrimony-like" or "resembling agrimony." The ligules are up to 1.6 mm long. Nuevo Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Note : Oont Katara is a regional name used to refer Milk Thistle, Indian Globe Thistle and East India Globe Thistle. The use of natural colors for dyeing precious and sacred fabrics occupied an important place in ancient cultures, including those of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome. Very difficult. Clayton, W.D. It is used as animal food and a medicine and for food. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency ITIS Teams. Sometimes inflammation can get out of hand and last for longer than necessary and expected. barrier in the soil and thus extend the length of control period by making Several studies have shown that echinacea can help reduce excess inflammation. combinations do not adhere well to smooth-surfaced leaves. Ageratum comes from the Greek "a", not, and "geras", old age, in reference to the flowers lasting for a long time (Johnson, 1971). [3][4] It is native to North and South America. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. General Information. Renato de Filippis is a medical doctor, early career psychiatrist and PhD student. Flora of Japan IVa: 1-430. Guyana, Collectanea Botanica 32: 59-82. The ligule is a fringe of hairs. Shes a member in development committee of family medicine department in her hospital. Looking for the official turfgrass site? Tanzania, Cenchrus setigerus do not have outer bristles or they are reduced. that might damage other plants. sunshine rainbow white pony roblox id; fortnite support a creator codes that give you vbucks; who played at bobby bones wedding; cutchins funeral home franklinton, nc obituaries Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. A Descriptions Uses Images Distribution Synonyms Other Data Bibliography Sources Descriptions According to Catlogo de Plantas y Lquenes de Colombia [CPLC] It looks especially impactful when planted as a large swathe where the pale pink flowers will undulate congruously in the . autoPlay : 6000, materials present a conflict in desirable actions. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. A reseeding program deserves first consideration if the turf is so weak that it will not 8256 especies. Flore Analytique du Togo Phanrogames: 1-751. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Pl. Roadside and waste places; 0-900 m. By understanding the life cycle of Southern Sandbur ( Cenchrus echinatus) and the Coast or Field Sandspur (C. spinifex) we can better control this grass-like weed. Reddy, G.V.P. Darwiniana 49: 139-247. This most unwelcomed grass has copious small sharp burrs that attach themselves to unwary pets and a passerby's pants, socks, shoe laces, and exposed skin! Cenchrus echinatus. Information about Cenchrus echinatus from "Weeds of Hawaii's pastures and natural areas: an identification and management guide" (Motooka et al. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Panicastrella muricata (L.) Moench (among others). Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. Chrysanthemums have been used for thousands of years in Chinese medicine. South China Sea, Thirty-five compounds were identified representing 100 % of the total mass. products to be most effective. Details Common Name Sandbur Botanic Name Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Anxiety is a common problem that affects close to one in five American adults (17). 84: 65 (1931), Mem. Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. & Naczi, R.F.C. Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Title Medicinal Plants of the Guianas Publication Author DeFilipps, R. A.; Maina, S. L.; & Crepin, J. medicinal and ornamental plants have all been imported to these islands over the past centuries and it is entirely . Table 1. Discord Packing Roblox Id, action depends more on absorption by leaves, and granules in such (2004). Palestine, Venezuela, The spiny seeds of southern sandbur can attach to fur or clothing, and potentially puncture the skin. That being said, human studies are needed before making any recommendations. Duis leo. Under certain conditions, it can persist as a biennial or perennial. As always, the pre-emergent application Acevedo-Rodrguez, P. & Strong, M.T. New xenophytes from Gran Canaria (Canary islands, Spain), with emphasis on naturalised and (potentially) invasive species. James A. McAfee, Ph.D. how to make stone pillars in minecraft. The ligule is replaced by a ring of hairs (0.7-1.7 mm long); auricles are absent. Nelson Sutherland, C.H. Bulletin du Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Page 32: Cenchrus incertus, same as above. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co. A revision of Cenchrus incl. In the present paper C. echinatus is reported for the first time from Spain and confirmed for Egypt and Israel. Nevertheless, it can serve as a forage grass before the burs are formed.C. 84: 66 (1931), Bull. However, if field sandburs (grassburs) do become a All rights reserved. Fat content at 8 - 9% is composed of: linoleic acid 42.5%, oleic acid 27.2%, palmitic acid 22.0%, and traces of others [. India, Spinefex (SPY-ne-feks) is from the Dead Latin word spina, meaning spines. It is native to the Cholistan desert of Pakistan where it is locally known as 'Dhaman'. Ecuador, Mus., Bot. Incorporate these foods into your diet. Jamaica, Cenchrus echinatus L. (southern sandspur) is a . Select a time when winds are calm to Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mxico, D.F. One of the known dyes of the ancient world was the scarlet dye produced from coccoid scale insects (Forbes 1964, Koren 1993).The most ancient finding of this dye was in woven fibers found in a burial cave dating from the late . National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii. However, as of now, only a handful of studies on echinacea and anxiety exist. However, many studies on this topic are poorly designed and show no real benefit. (1993). Pronunciation of Cenchrus echinatus with 2 audio pronunciations. Blumea 59: 59-75. Oklahoma, (2014). 0 Florida, The sandbur is a plant that is most commonly found in the southern United States and Mexico, but there are some other varieties that will pop up . C. echinatus is considered a noxious weed in Arizona (USDA-NRCS Plants Database), Australia (Wikipedia). Open Tree of Life ID : 1094535. Notizbl. Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. Nomencl. Greek Community Of Toronto President, mail: nba 2k22 error code 49730116tel: +86 (0) 10 8498 7120. (2019). How Chrysanthemum Tea Benefits Your Health, 5 Ways Chamomile Tea Benefits Your Health, 13 Foods That Could Lower Your Risk of Cancer. To insure complete control of germinating Though it is often associated with dry, sandy soils, C. echinatus thrives in moist conditions where it is generally longer lived and can grow much larger. rate for this mixture is 2.0 lbs. Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. jazzercise calories burned calculator . 4. herbicide overdose. It is used as an antidote and pain relief of scorpion stings and snakebites. It's usually grown as an annual or short-lived perennial. (ed.) & Raven, P.H. Hainan, de Cordemoy, E.J. : C. incertus). 0 rating. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. Cenchrus echinatus is a semi-upright grass, consisting of small tufts of 25 to 80 cm high. Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). In one test-tube study, an extract of Echinacea purpurea and chicoric acid (naturally found in echinacea plants) was shown to trigger cancer cell death (25). emergents need to be applied before weed seeds germinate -- generally Singapore Botanic Gardens. The flowers are purple, blue, pinkish or white . This particular receptor works by removing excess fat in the blood, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ver. The leaf sheath is shorter than to as long as the internode and is glabrous except for hairs along the open margin. This may raise your risk of chronic diseases and other health problems. Catlogo de las Gramneas de Mxico: 1-671. In another test-tube study, extracts from echinacea plants (Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida) killed human cancer cells from the pancreas and colon by stimulating a process called apoptosis or controlled cell death (26). The spines are of two kinds: 1) flattened spines that are spread over the The leaf sheaths are completely without hairs or can have long names: Southern sandspur, Mossman river grass (Eng.) Flore des Mascareignes 203: 1-276. It has been introduced to many parts of the world as an ornamental plant, and has become an invasive species in some of them.