Thus the goals of the Spanish conquest were quite different from the Portuguese. This colonial enterprise was driven by a search for African gold, Asian spices, and Christian kingdoms in the east. Who ruled the government of ancient Sumer? Hispaniola is a marvel. Spains acquisitiveness seemingly knew no bounds as groups of its explorers searched for the next trove of instant riches. The bullwhip effect is a term used in supply chain management to describe how minor changes in consumer demand at the retail level can cause significant demand fluctuations upstream toward raw material suppliers. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. It was able to amplify the power of Undead army by several magnitudes. Spain brought the ecomienda system to the New World to build plantations for mining and farming, a system that categorically abused the Amerindian labor force without fair trades for their gold. Vasco de Balboa 1513- goal was to find gold and a new sea. The Spanish also brought smallpox into the valley of Mexico. Portrait of Ferdinand Magellan. This innovation helped the Age of Exploration flourish because it showed explorers what direction they were headed. Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The 15th and 16th centuries have often been labeled the age of exploration, discovery, and expansion. Effects of Spanish Rule in North and South America: 1. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 The English Empire, 16601763, Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774, America's War for Independence, 1775-1783, Creating Republican Governments, 17761790, Growing Pains: The New Republic, 17901820, Industrial Transformation in the North, 18001850, A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 18001860, Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 18001860, Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 18201860, Go West Young Man! Over two centuries, the Spanish established an empire over two continents that changed the lives of the Amerindians, the very face of the land itself, and indeed, the entire world. Although the period known as the Age of Discovery, when Western Europe's conquistadors or conquerors discovered the true expanse of the globe, began with a Portuguese and Spanish desire to find ways to the Far East and the spice trade, it ended with both nations permanently expanding a myriad of trade networks and colonies on continents previously unknown. . Dutch & Spanish Dominance in South & Southeast Asia, The Italian Wars and Weakening of Papal Authority, Protestant Reformation on Germany | History, Effects & Impacts. Portugal got richer because of the Indian trade. I feel like its a lifeline. In this context, the Portuguese and the Spanish became the first countries to explore the Atlantic consistently, finding routes around Africa to the East and new continents untouched by European expansion. The Spanish quickly set out to explore, conquer, and colonize, which was bad news for the Amerindians who got in their way as they launched their empire. Thereafter, Vasco de Gama rounded the horn and actually reached India in 1498, allowing the Portuguese to succeed in their ultimate aim of establishing a direct connection with the spice trade. Starting in 1485, he approached Genoese, Venetian, Portuguese, English, and Spanish monarchs, asking for ships and funding to explore this westward route. In addition to navigation, what purpose would such a map have served? As Western Europe transitioned from the regional divides of the middle ages to stronger centralized countries, kings and queens looked for ways of expanding their spheres of influence and world outlooks. Pizarro began his work by capturing the Incan king and holding him for ransom, the astronomical amount of which flooded the Spanish coiffures and made empire-building more lucrative than it had ever been. What impact did the Portuguese have on exploration? The Portuguese destroyed the Arab trade routes in the Indian Ocean between Africa, Arabia and India. By this and other means, native people helped shape the conquest of the Americas. She has taught college English and religious education classes and currently works as a freelance writer. Perched on the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula, Portugal turned to the boundless Atlantic Ocean as its only outlet to the wider world. With financial assistance from the maritime enthusiast Prince Henry the Navigator and the invention of lateen or triangular sails, the Portuguese opened trading routes along the African coast. Portugal got richer because of the Indian trade. The surviving Spaniards, numbering a little over three hundred, returned to Mexico City without finding the much-anticipated mountains of gold and silver. (credit: modification of work by National Park Service), Next: Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic and Spanish exploration of the Americas, and the importance of these voyages to the developing Atlantic World, Explain the importance of Spanish exploration of the Americas in the expansion of Spains empire and the development of Spanish Renaissance culture. The money flowed freely, but they still hoped to find a way to the East. 5 What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? No products in the cart. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. What are the most important factors behind the success of Portuguese and Spanish overseas exploration and colonization? In either case, she demonstrates one way in which native peoples responded to the arrival of the Spanish. The explorers also gained new foods like corn and pineapple. Hernn Corts hoped to gain hereditary privilege for his family, tribute payments and labor from natives, and an annual pension for his service to the crown. succeed. found and claimed Pacific Ocean for Spain and called it the south sea Hernando Cortes 1519- to find gold glory and god. Cartographers developed new ways of mapping. Rather than leading to the discovery of gold and silver, however, the expedition simply left Coronado bankrupt. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 unified Catholic Spain and began the process of building a nation that could compete for worldwide power. They started in the Caribbean with a settlement at Santo Domingo on Hispaniola in 1496 and moved on to other islands. While the Portuguese remained focused on the establishment of trading networks, only turning to full colonization later, Spanish discoveries of established empires in North and South America led them to explore and subsequently expand their own empire with the intention of growing wealthier and spreading Catholicism. Her specialties include early modern European history, gender history, and music history. They also found a sea route to India. The compass rose also told . Native Spaniards created equally enduring works. Columbus made a total of four voyages to the New World, but he honestly believed for the rest of his life that he had found the Far East. Millions of Amerindians died by violence and disease as the Spanish marched through their lands, and even the very face of the land changed as the explorers and settlers brought new livestock, weeds, and germs to the New World. Spain and Portugal were considered to be the major exponents of The Age of Discovery, stretching from the early 15 th century to mid-17 th century. Although traditional warfare continued to be a major tool for political control, European countries also grew concerned with gaining economic superiority over their neighbors, their main tool being international trade. This conflict provided the background for the heralded Age of Discovery, whereupon European nations began exploring new horizons to find means of expanding their influence and discovering new and hopefully shorter trade routes. At the height of the middle ages, the Mongol Empire had kept open borders throughout Asia and into Europe along the Silk Road, allowing spices and other luxury goods to flow freely from the Far East. Vasco de Gamas exploits successfully established a spice trade between Europe and India. positivism constructivism or interpretivism and pragmatism what was the effect of spanish and portuguese exploration? Portuguese sailors continued to make important discoveries in this new arena as well. The Portuguese took firm control of trade with the Far East. Beginning in about 1418, Henry sent explorers to sea almost every year. In anticipation of winning his own honor and riches, Corts later explored the Yucatn Peninsula. Although the Portuguese originally used the fort primarily for trading gold, by the sixteenth century they had shifted their focus. From the beginning of the Aztec conquest, a collection of Franciscan friars had come to convert the natives. However, the overthrow of the Mongols by the Ottoman Empire had closed that border as the longstanding religious differences between Christian Europe and Muslim Ottomans allowed the old conflict to disrupt the flow of trade. In the 1540s, Francisco Vsquez de Coronado crossed the Rio Grande and traveled up the Colorado River. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. The Spanish also brought the disease smallpox. Among those who read Vespuccis reports was the German mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller. This creation of a trading post empire tapped into the existing slave trade among Africans with the Portuguese fully participating and expanding the trade beyond African borders. Portugal imported armor and munitions, fine clothes, and several manufactured products from Flanders and Italy. Spanish fleets returned from the New World with holds full of gold, silver, and precious gemstones while Spanish priests traveled the world to convert and save the souls of the native populations. Velzquez painted himself into this imposingly large royal portrait (hes shown holding his brush and easel on the left) and boldly placed the viewer where the king and queen would stand in the scene ([link]). People were curious, interested, and eager for fresh experiences and observations. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. explored isthmus of panama. European exploration, exploration of regions of Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans, beginning about the 4th century bce. The Spanish conquistadors also had horses, which people in the Americas had never seen before. The Library of Congress. Columbus' discoveries also shifted the reasons behind Spanish exploration from trade to empire-building and exploration. Why did the authors of probanzas de mritos choose to write in the way that they did? Since the 700s, much of Spain had been under Islamic rule, and King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I, arch-defenders of the Catholic Church against Islam, were determined to defeat the Muslims in Granada, the last Islamic stronghold in Spain. The Spanish also introduced Catholicism into the New World. Seeking to ensure that Columbuss finds would remain Spanish, Spains monarchs turned to the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI, who issued two papal decrees in 1493 that gave legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims at the expense of Portugal. The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugal's explorers changed Europeans' understanding of the world in several ways. The magnetic compass was a compass that had a magnetized needle supporting a magnetic card. To those ends, Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored extensive Atlantic exploration. A major result of the European Age of Exploration was. In time, much of the Atlantic World would become a gargantuan sugar-plantation complex in which Africans labored to produce the highly profitable commodity for European consumers. In 1493, Columbus sent two copies of a probanza de mrito to the Spanish king and queen and their minister of finance, Luis de Santngel. Portuguese spice trading also made goods available to the rest of Europe on a larger scale and enriched Portugal herself. Negative and Positive Impact of Portuguese Exploration by Seb. However, the reality is far more complex. One of the greatest lasting effects of Spanish incursion into Latin America was the . The Portuguese built an empire from 1420 onwards that was largely composed of trade centres dotted around the coasts of three continents. When Vasco de Gama found a new route to India, the Portuguese were able to trade spices and jewels. The Spanish looked south in the 1530s and 1540s. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. Portugal's wealth increased due to its control of the spice trade with India. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. What impact did the Portuguese and Spanish explorers have on Europe? The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Source for information on Spanish Exploration and Colonization: Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery . Warfare by the Spanish, using guns, and forced labour in mines and on plantations also contributed. All those he petitionedincluding Ferdinand and Isabella at firstrebuffed him; their nautical experts all concurred that Columbuss estimates of the width of the Atlantic Ocean were far too low. Columbus held erroneous views that shaped his thinking about what he would encounter as he sailed west. On October 12, 1492, however, he made landfall on an island in the Bahamas. Ushered in a new age of sustained global contact; world connected through networks of exchange. Ten years later, Francisco Pizarro traveled to Peru where he subsequently conquered the Incan Empire situated in the Andes Mountains. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), painted by Diego Velzquez in 1656, is one of the best-known paintings in history. Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella promoted the acquisition of these new lands in order to strengthen and glorify their own empire. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. He spent most of his life in the Americas advocating for the natives. However, after three years of entreaties, and, more important, the completion of the Reconquista, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance Columbuss expedition in 1492, supplying him with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. The Spaniards moved north, too. Many ideas and methods of expansion were flowed along over time. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as debarkation points for subsequent journeys. The increased flow of silver altered the worldwide global trading both socially and economically. Spanish and Portuguese Exploration Spain and Portugal were neighboring kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula and fierce competitors exploring the African coastline. However, they also brought disease and existing conflicts between European nations. Such endeavors were accomplished by the conquistadors Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who subdued the Aztec and Incan Empires in 1521 and 1533. Corts and his people fled for their lives, running down one of Tenochtitlns causeways to safety on the shore. Jul 22nd, 2021 Published. Portugal, the western-most European country, was one of the primary players in the European Age of Discovery and Exploration. As early as 1341, Portuguese sailors had made. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the principal role during most of the fifteenth century in searching for a route to Asia by sailing south around Africa. Christopher Columbus incorrectly believed he had found India when he landed at San Salvador in the Bahamas in 1492. Explore the collection at The Cervantes Project for images, complete texts, and other resources relating to Cervantess works. 101 Independence Ave. Inland there are numerous mines of metals and innumerable people. D. Africans attended Prince Henry's navigation school How did Exploration impact the world? There is honey, and there are many kinds of birds, and a great variety of fruits. 247 lessons In short, the actions of the Portuguese and Spanish established a permanent European presence in the New World and set the stage for future conflict and historical movements. European countries started to think about forming empires, spreading Christianity, and ruling the world. Essay Sample. He and his followers explored what is now Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The system also allowed them to protect their imports as they traveled back to Portugal. What does it reveal about the state of geographical knowledge, as well as European perceptions of the New World, at the beginning of the sixteenth century? Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. De Gama's successful venture created a greater demand than ever before for overseas trades along the African coast. Bartholomew Dias found the Cape of Good Hope, while his successor Vasco de Gama made it to India, where he realized Portuguese dreams of having a direct spice trade link and allowed the Portuguese to dominate the trade. Missionaries such as Toribio Motolinia and Bartolome de Las Casas brought Catholicism and advocated for the natives, though they fought an uphill battle. This island, like all the others, is most extensive. . Location of the Strait of Magellan. In 1533, Pizarro founded Lima, Peru. From these strategic points, Portugal spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil on the eastern coast of South America. Spain had dominated much of the Americas; Ortiz goes as far to brand the period as "The Golden Age of Spain [1] ". Spaniards captained the other three ships (San Antonio, Concepcin, and Victoria), and constant Spanish scheming against the Portuguese would have grave consequences for the voyage. extensive migration of people from the Western Hemisphere to Europe and Asia. His patronage allowed some of the most important Portuguese expeditions to take place. Armed with these advances, Bartholomew Dias reached the tip of Africa in 1487, naming it the Cape of Good Hope. They had many tools that helped them navigate through the Atlantic Ocean. When these expeditions began, Europeans knew virtually nothing about the area past Cape Bojador on. The land there is elevated, with many mountains and peaks incomparably higher than in the centre isle. Learn key differences in what each country focused on when colonizing. What was the success of Spain and Portugal? They forced the native people to change their religion and follow Christainity. Causes and Effects of Spanish Exploration and Colonization Spain played a critical part in the exploration and colonization of the Americas. AP European History: The Age of Expansion, The Market Economy in 17th Century Europe, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Age of Discovery and the Conquistadors, AP European History: Overview of the Renaissance, AP European History: Renaissance Philosophy, Art & Literature, AP European History: Reformation Roots & Teachings, AP European History: The Reformation's Effects Across Europe, The Old World and New World: Why Europeans Sailed to the Americas, Portuguese and Spanish Empires: Growth in the New World & Asia, The Columbian Exchange, Global Trade & Mercantilism, Triangular Trade: Route, System & Role in Slavery, The Commercial Revolution: Economic Impact of Exploration and Colonization on Europe, Spreading Religion in the Age of Exploration, AP European History: The Rise of Monarchical Nation States, AP European History: English History (1450-1700), AP European History: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, AP European History: The French Revolution, AP European History: The Napoleonic Empire, AP European History: 19th Century Revolutionary Movements, AP European History: The First Industrial Revolution, AP European History: Unifications of Nation States in the 19th Century, AP European History: Russia After World War I, AP European History: Integration: Europe after the Soviet Union, Developing and Writing Your AP Exam Essay, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, AP European History: Homework Help Resource, ILTS Social Science - History (246): Test Practice and Study Guide, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, High School US History: Homework Help Resource, High School US History: Tutoring Solution, Roman God Pluto of the Underworld: Facts & Overview, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite's Mystical Theology, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recognize the exploration of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires, Identify the African and Brazilian expansion by Portugal, Describe the Spanish conquerors and conquest of South and Central America. While the Portuguese didnt rule over an immense landmass, their strategic holdings of islands and coastal ports gave them almost unrivaled control of nautical trade routes and a global empire of trading posts during the 1400s. In this context, evaluating mercury contamination in coastal sediments and mercury magnification in marine food webs is crucial for . In the following years, as European exploration spread, slavery spread as well. By This painting illustrates the diffusion of which of the following during the Age of Exploration? There are many spices and vast mines of gold and other metals in this island. Part of this Age of Discovery was the creation of a new occupation, that of conquistador. In 1492, Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, had fallen to the forces of the Spanish monarchs. For them, the dungeon of Elmina was their last sight of their home country. This map traces Coronados path through the American Southwest and the Great Plains. The confinement of my story to Spanish, rather than Iberian, America means the almost total exclusion of the Portuguese settlement of Brazil, except for glancing references to the sixty-year period, from 1580 to 1640, when it formed part of Spain's global monarchy. Henry the Navigator. Over the next two centuries, a string of explorers and conquistadors, or military conquerors, claimed territory after territory for the ever-widening Spanish empire. He and his men were astonished by the incredibly sophisticated causeways, gardens, and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice that was part of the Aztec religion. Moreover, it would be incorrect to attribute purely mercenary or religious goals to the conquest. The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugals explorers changed Europeans understanding of the world in several ways. The voyages of Columbus. The Economic Causes of European Maritime Exploration Various economic factors led some European monarchs, royal families, and states to support early maritime explorations financially. Their goals were to expand Catholicism and to gain a commercial advantage over Portugal. Indeed, the Spanish created an empire across two continents, and the world would never be the same. Eli Whitney Inventions & Facts | What Did Eli Whitney Invent? 5 Pages. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. (04.05) Painting of a scene showing European explorers and native peoples in the New World. The Spanish came to the New World first to have a Far East trading link. Sources. Spain was unable to compete with Portugal throughout most of the 15th century as it was occupied with consolidating itself on the Iberian peninsula and defeating the Islamic empire that had been present since the early middle ages. Spains most famous explorer, Christopher Columbus, was actually from Genoa, Italy. They traded up the Zambezi river and interfered with the existing inland African trade. When we read them now, we need to take the descriptions with a grain of salt. Key Explorers The key figure in early Portuguese exploration was Prince Henry, the son of King John I. Nicknamed "the Navigator," Henry was not an explorer himself. Ottoman Turks controlled much of the land routes to the East, and they initially charged exorbitant taxes for traders to get through. . When the Spanish and Portuguese explore to the new world it results in massive increase in the population. He understood why the exploration and hunt of the surrounding was done by the Domain . Between 1540 and 1542, Coronado led a large expedition of Spaniards and native allies to the lands north of Mexico City, and for the next several years, they explored the area that is now the southwestern United States ([link]). Columbus' reports about the many people already living in the New World prompted Queen Isabel to consider them under her protection as members of the Spanish Empire, promising to bring them to the Catholic faith and wanting them to be fairly treated. Santngel had supported Columbuss voyage, helping him to obtain funding from Ferdinand and Isabella. The overland routes involved terrain that was unforgiving and dangerous, and merchants couldn't trust that they would always be safe. The resulting Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America ([link]); Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil. In 1519, he entered Tenochtitln, the capital of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire. Columbus set sail with three small ships and a crew of eighty . Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. The Portuguese had the best and most up-to-date navigational tools as well. Cortes, for example, had friendly relationships with a number of natives, using them to assist in his conquest of the Aztecs, while other conquistadors focused only on subjugation and cruelty. Open Document. They also looked west, settling in Brazil. What are the effects of Spain exploration? The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugal's explorers changed Europeans' understanding of the world in several ways. This button displays the currently selected search type. Prince Henry the Navigator | Biography, Influence & Facts, The Development of Monarchical Nation States: the Rise of Power, Bartolome de las Casas: Destruction of the Amerindians, Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire | Biography & Facts, Carolingian Art | Overview, Renaissance & Characteristics. . Malintzin translated for Corts in his dealings with Moctezuma and, whether willingly or under pressure, entered into a physical relationship with him. All lands to the east of the line would go to Portugal. It is after the Reconquista, that the Europeans start to expand and explore the new world for new trade routes to the riches, i.e. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Test and improve your knowledge of The Age of Discovery & Exploration with fun multiple choice exams you can take online with Study.com. Instead, he encouraged exploration and directed many important expeditions. Unlike Columbus, he realized that the Americas were not part of Asia but lands unknown to Europeans. Fighting on horseback gave the Spanish explorers an advantage over the Native American populations, who fought on foot. They also had different strategies that helped them make progress through their travels of the ocean. They were hoping to get rich, like their Spanish neighbors. Europeans longed for the luxuries of the Far East, including silks, pepper, and spices, but the Far East trade was dominated by Muslims and Venetians who hauled the goods over land, making them extremely expensive. Probanzas de mritos featured glowing descriptions of lands of plenty.
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