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what does the upside down cross mean

However, it can have mixed representations, as it has also been said to signify losing a friend or a family member. This is because the Cross that Jesus was crucified on was made out of wood. The symbol for Earth as one of the four classical elements in alchemy is an upside down triangle with a line through it. Founded in 2010, Thought Catalog is owned and operated by The Thought & Expression Company, Inc. For over a decade, we've been at the bleeding edge of media, pioneering an infrastructure for creatives to flourish both artistically and financially. The Latin cross is by far the most famous one, which is also known as the crucifix. Earth is used in rituals when a Wicca practitioner is drawing attention to the divine feminine, motherhood, growth, life, and/or nature. For others, it may be a symbol of their dark past or an emblem of their punk rock lifestyle. She holds a Masters degree in Linguistics and Education, and has also studied Political Science, Ancient History and Literature. What are they? Emily Hall hindsighthistory.substack.com 2022 25 Mar on a regular upright cross. The dream suggests your desires to blend into the background and not be noticed. , The Valkyrie symbol is a sign of power and prestige , Although Koi fish are kept in ponds all over the , Upside Down Cross Meaning and How It Changed Over Time, The Inverted Cross Representing Anti-Christianity Sentiments And Satanism, Upside Down Cross Tattoo Meaning St Peter Cross Tattoo Design Ideas, The Web of Wyrd Symbol, Meaning: Nordic Skuld's Net, Pagan Symbols And Their Meanings: Wiccan Mystical Symbols, Triple Moon Symbol/Triple Goddess Symbol Meaning, Symbolism, 2023 Symbols and Meanings - Your Ultimate Guide for Symbolism, to read more on satanic symbols please click here, all the different variations of the cross, check it out here, upside down cross necklaces, check this out, Drawing Aztec Calendar- How to Do It Properly, 8 Ancient Symbols of Purity What They Mean & How to Use Them, Greek Beta Symbol Meaning, Origins and Uses Explained. Upside down cross dream is a premonition for someone who is not as bad as you had assumed. We can trace back the testimony of Peters martyrdom to the earliest Christian writers, including Origen, Eusebius of Caesarea, St. Clement of Rome, St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Irenaeus, and Tertullian. This meaning also brings about the notion that while we are currently grounded here on earth, salvation awaits us in the heavenly realm upon resurrection of the soul. "The upside-down cross doesn't bother me much," says local musician Jimmy Tawater, who was raised in an Episcopal church and still attends St. Martin's Episcopal Church on East Brainerd Road. Which direction should a wrist tattoo face? An inverted pentagram is a more common symbol attached to the Church of Satan and Satanism, but an inverted cross is also used, such as in the Satanic Temples ceremony unveiling the Baphomet statue. Tattoo right way up. The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross, traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol. Zodiac - Used in satanic and occult worship. (upside-down broken Nero Cross, as some call it). What's Undetermined Due to the low resolution of the video footage and lack of. It would either be a religious one representing Saint Peters crucifixion or one that represents Satanist faith as it became one of the most popular symbols in Satanism through the end of the 20th century. The words Follow me bespeak imitation of Christs example of obedience unto death, even death on a cross (Phil 2:8). I want to explain the historical and current meaning behind the most popular symbols used by Hollywood and pop culture to represent Satanism: upside-down cross, pentagram, and the upside-down pentagram. The tattoo depicts the monkey is listening to Celtic Cross through headphones. This is because in the Catholic church, the upside down cross is called the Cross of Saint Peter or the Petrine Cross. While the upside down cross is viewed as a controversial symbol, with both positive and negative connotations, in reality it originated as a symbol of Christian martyrdom. These magnificent large stone crosses were typically erected to memorialize prominent people or places like churches or monasteries. The defining feature of this Cross is its more extended arm at the bottom. The pope therefore uses the upside-down cross to symbolise St Peter's humility and martyrdom. The cross tattoo is a popular choice amongst rappers, seen on 2Pac , Ludacris , YG and many more. The symbol originates from the Catholic tradition that when sentenced to death, Peter requested that his cross be upside down, as he felt unworthy of being crucified in the same manner as Jesus. Suddenly the main focus of the piece is not the part thats being inked, but rather the area around it. Some theories also suggest that gang members will choose to have a small cross showing they are a convict or have served time in prison. Necklaces with upside-down crosses are worn by satanists. Perhaps many of you have already read this week about Bergoglio's creepy pectoral cross on Ann Barnhardt's website. Follow this answer to receive notifications. For gang members, its often worn by high-ranking members. Depending on who you ask, the inverted cross serves either as a symbol of humble Christian faith or of satanic ideals. Amber Rose had her temporary tattoo upside down, which upset people, but it was simply a depiction of the cross of St. Peter, who didnt think he deserved to be crucified. Real Questions. Many rappers have had skulls tattooed on them within sleeves, but the late 2Pac Shakur had a standalone skulls and bonesimageon his right arm. Full Moon above bat on Left Upper Arm. If a crucifix is inverted, it appears as disrespectful and irreverent. crossword dream meaning. If you look at the Settings>Location menu, there should be a master switch at the top, which completely turns off Location. Bible Based.We believe in solo-scriptura. Before the time of the emperor Constantine in the 4th century, Christians were extremely reticent about portraying the cross because too open a display of it might expose them to ridicule or danger. When Peter was sentenced to death by the Emperor, he requested to be hung upside down. The cross with a circle of light emerged in France and Britain in the middle ages and predates Christianity. Because the Roman Catholic Church views each pope as a successor of St. Peter, the inverted cross is commonly connected with popes. But in recent times, Satanists have used it as an anti-Christian symbol to reflect their own beliefs. It could mean an individual has done time in jail as well. This page last updated: November 28, 2022. This is not because the pope is the anti-christ. The Meaning of Angel Numbers: Are They Biblical or Demonic? As a result of the manner in which he was crucified, the Church has used the upside down cross (without a corpus, so not a crucifix) to designate Peter, not Christ. Tattooing the name of your city remains a popular choice to represent where youre from. An Irish Cross is a Celtic cross. St. Peter requested the unusual crucifixion because he did not feel he was worthy to suffer the same death as Jesus (a normal crucifixion). It symbolized Jerusalems coat of arms during the 1820s. One could even say that most people will know it to be a symbol of Satan rather than a symbol of the Catholic church and God. It essentially explains that everything in this world is connected, one way or another. Hip-hop artists embody many of these messages, representing a culture that has been responsible for the growth of the genre. Irish firemen often use a Celtic cross design combined with a Maltese cross to represent their profession while Irish Police offers have it with a badge in the center. The most famous example is when Jesus was crucified and He was given the option to be crucified right side up or upside down. However, in traditional gang culture, they have held the meaning of sublimity. An upside-down cross is a symbol that is widely associated with Satanism and the occult. It's a reflection of duality and equal balance just like Marilyn / Manson. The images should generally run from up to down and if theres one on the wrist thats the other way around, it will most likely start bothering you later. dramatic scene depicts the crucifixion of Saint Peter , one of the twelve Apostles and the first Bishop of Rome. Get our Question of the Week delivered right to your inbox! It is said that Vintras performed demonic rituals and did sexually perverted acts like holding Black Masses in the nude for which he was condemned by the Pope and was tried (although he was imprisoned for five years only for a fraud charge). This then means that the cross is upside-down to the rest of the world, and could be considered unlucky. A crucifix is a Latin cross with a figure of Jesus on it. The upside down cross tattoo can actually be a deeply meaningful expression of ones beliefs. Christianity.com is a member of the Salem Web Network of sites including: Copyright 2023, Christianity.com. As the cross is the most recognized symbol of Christianity, an upside down cross could represent anti-Christian sentiments. It symbolized the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and symbolized the belief of Christian religions across the world. The would not have misunderstood an upside down cross as being a malevolent symbol in real life. There was no negative connotations associated with the original meaning of the Petrine cross. What does the (upside-down) emoji mean in flirting? The upside-down cross in satanic circles symbolizes mockery and rejection of Jesus Christ. In his Ecclesiastical History (c. A.D. 325), Eusebius of Caesarea writes: Peter appears to have preached in Pontus, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Asia to the Jews of the dispersion. Also known as Saint Anthony the Abbot cross or Crux Commissar, the Tau cross is a particular type of Cross reserved for a Catholic saint known as Saint Anthony. In fact, the Church of Satan states on its website that its members are at liberty to use the satanic symbols and the cross turned upside down as an indication of their rejection of Jesus Christ. For some, it is a way to express their individualism and non-conformity. There are four basic types of iconographic representations of the cross: the crux quadrata , or Greek cross , with four equal arms; the crux immissa , or Latin cross , whose base stem is longer than the other three arms; the crux commissa , in the form of the Greek letter tau, sometimes called St. Anthonys cross ; and the crux decussata , named from the Roman decussis , or symbol of the numeral 10, also known as St. Andrews cross for the supposed manner of the martyrdom of St. Andrew the Apostle. Area Codes Of course another way to represent your city is to mark yourself up with your area code. You will stretch out your hands. In the ancient world particularly in the Christian tradition to stretch out ones hands was a common reference to crucifixion. Negative Connotations of the Upside-down Cross Celtic Cross Pendants by The Irish Jewelry Company Our Celtic Cross pendants and Irish Cross necklaces are inspired by the brilliant history and cultural symbolism of the standing stone crosses of Ireland like those at Clonmacnoise monastery. Ultimately, if you have this tattoo as a gangster, youre showing that you do not fear death. However, this is the Hollywood version of events. Angel Wings Having angels wings tattooed on the body has become a popular design in mainstream tattoo culture today. Upside Down Cross Emoji Copy and Paste. In Christianity, the cross is where Jesus died to save humanity, so its a significant symbol. The Marian cross is a variant of the Latin cross with the Letter M either beside or below the Cross itself. Saint Aemilian was a saint that lived between the fifth and sixth centuries in La Rioja, Spain. The inverted cross just might be your most Christian-themed tattoo yet. I didn't realize the difference. We read the lives of the Csars: At Rome Nero was the first who stained with blood the rising faith. This tradition can be traced back through historical documents all the way to1972. Often, if the member haskilled someone, the skull tattoo showcases them as a murderer. A spider that is crawling out of the web can mean that the member is trying to move away from such a lifestyle. Also known as an inverted cross, Petrine Cross or the Cross of St. Peter, the upside down cross is a religious and an anti-religious symbol at the same time. Negative space tattoos are tattoos that put an emphasis on an image by contrasting your skin with black or coloured ink. The Forehead Cross The forehead cross has different meanings to different people, the most common being a symbol of God. It is a tremendous symbol of Irish faith and Irish pride. The relationship between gangs and hip-hop can be traced back tothe emergence of the genre the urban setting, often defined by crime, poverty and the struggle for financial security and survival, has resulted in a strong affiliation with the culture. In Christianity, it is associated with the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle. Likewise, the Petrine cross became associated with anti-Christian perceptions and the satanic church. The Clonmacnoise cross is known as the Cross of the Scriptures. Many symbols were transformed and associated with several different meanings as time passed. Miscellaneous Why is the upside down cross satanic when Peter used it? Garibaldi_ Posts: 18,984. In the Gospel of John, Jesus speaks of the kind of death that Peter would suffer: Truly, truly, I say to you, when you were young, you girded yourself and walked where you would; but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and another will gird you and carry you where you do not wish to go. (This he said to show by what death he was to glorify God.) Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The Greek cross is similar to the Latin cross in the sense that Christianity used it, but mostly during its early years. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. They are also prominently worn by rock singers and displayed on their album covers. Practitioners are acknowledging their god as Baal or Lucifer. Thereafter, the upside down cross became more and more of an occult symbol as time passed. He no longer has to carry the weight of the cross or the sins of His people. All rights reserved. 2. August 20, 2022 by Sandra Hearth. Sunday | 34 views, 0 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Greencastle, Indiana: Sunday Worship - January 29, 2023 When it comes to tattoo symbolism, there are few images with as much history and meaning as the upside down cross. It is slanted as many believe that Saint Andrew was martyred in this manner. Some sources suggest that the first person to use the inverted cross was Eugene Vintras a Christian revivalist who was the leader of two orders (the Eliate Church of Carmel and the Work of Mercy) and who claimed that he was the reincarnation of the Prophet Elijah. Sometimes this tattoo is also called an inverted cross. For others, it may be a symbol of their dark past or an emblem of their punk rock lifestyle. Historically, the symbol is not always associated with peace and harmonic . MOB This tattoo is alleged to be specific to the Bloods gang. In hip-hop, Pharrell Williams sports a renaissance-style angel on his neck, whilst the heavily-tatted Lil Wayne and Wiz Khalifa both have wings across their ribcage. A key thing you should note is that this symbol has been used for anti-Christianity beliefs in recent times. A martyr is a person who is killed for their religious beliefs. However, there are rappers with this tattoo who have a different interpretation of the abbreviation. To some, the sideways cross is a symbol of Earth lying between Heaven and Hell. Subsequently, Western portrayals of the Crucifixion, whether painted or carved, exhibited an increasing finesse in the suggestion of pain and agony. Roman Catholic Melinda Gates in an interview on TODAY Show pushing hard for a global COVID-19 vaccine was wearing a bright and shiny upside-down cross around her neck. So if youre looking for a tattoo that is both unique and visually striking, the upside down cross may be the perfect design for you. The pentagram, a star within a circle, is a very old pagan symbol, certainly older than the crosses used in Christianity. The phrase Jesus used, stretch out your hands, likely involved death by crucifixion as traditional interpretation has affirmed since Tertullian in his On the Prescription of Heretics (200 A.D.). The tattoo is often found on the hand or near the eye, which you may have noticed on Lil Wayne and Tyga. The inverted cross emerged as a symbol of Saint Peter, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, who is also known as Peter the Apostle, Simeon, Simon and Simon Peter and Cephas and who was the first Bishop of Rome, that is to say, the first Pope. To clarify, a crucifix features an image of Jesus on the cross. Back in the 70's can remember skinheads having home made tats on their foreheads. That is how the symbol became the cross of Saint Peter. The upside down cross is an ancient symbol of St. Peters crucifixion. The apostle Paul explains the reason behind their rejection to the cross: The message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing (1 Corinthians 1:18). 350+ Fun Bible Trivia Questions & Answers, 444 Meaning: What To Do If You Keep Seeing This Number, This Is What Really Happens When You Split A Viagra With Your Boyfriend. The upside-down cross is used in satanic altars. Whatever the meaning, an upside down cross tattoo is sure to turn heads and start conversations. But in recent times, Satanists have used it as an anti-Christian symbol to reflect their own beliefs. Tradition favours the crux immissa as that on which Christ died, but some believe that it was a crux commissa. Many anti-Catholics argue that the Pope is the Antichrist, and a typical gotcha proof of this claim is that the Papal symbol of the upside down or inverted cross is satanic. While the traditional Christian cross is a symbol of faith, hope, and love, the upside down cross is often associated with satanism and rebellion. The Cross symbolizes the martyrdom of Peter the Apostle, one of Jesus' twelve disciples. The Cross of Saint Peter, a black upside-down cross emoji also known as the Petrine Cross, is a reversed version of the Latin cross. Its rumored that hes had them removed, though. St. Peter requested to be crucified that way because he felt unworthy to die in the same manner as Christ did. How Should 'Jihad' (Muslim Holy War) Be Understood Properly? In John 21:18, Jesus predicted the desperate nature of Peters eventual death: Very truly I tell you, when you were younger you dressed yourself and went where you wanted; but when you are old you will stretch out your hands, and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go.. This is the same with the pentagram, which has Christian symbolism but when inverted, is believed to represent evil and to attract dark forces. In De Prscriptione 36 (c. A.D. 200), Tertullian writes: If thou art near Italy, thou hast Rome where authority is ever within reach. Oh, ok - Got it! Why do rappers have crosses on their forehead? The Celtic Cross is basically a Latin cross with a circle of light, or a halo intersecting it. There are two variants of the Coptic Cross, with the modern version with intricate colors and shapes. Then does Paul obtain a birth suited to Roman citizenship, when in Rome he springs to life again ennobled by martyrdom. Christ on the cross is crowned and vested as a king and priest, and the marks of his suffering are much less prominent. Where is the best place to put a cross tattoo? Sometimes this tattoo is also called an inverted cross. 50 Cent had Southside tattooed across his back, whilst David Banner has Mississippi tattooed across his. side down p-sd-daun 1 : with the upper part underneath and the lower part on top 2 : in or into great disorder upside-down adjective Legal Definition upside down adjective : underwater upside down mortgages upside down homes upside down homeowners More from Merriam-Webster on upside down Satanists deny both the message of the cross and the symbol of Christianity. Starting with the 1960s, the symbol was featured in horror films to represent Satan and the anti-Christ and we can say that this pop-culture tradition is still being carried on today. "What does upside down teardrop tattoo mean? Likewise, a cross tattoo can also mean unconditional love and sacrifice, as Jesus felt and did for the human race. The Tau cross is recognized by its unique T-shape, with an arm being absent on the top. The upside down cross tattoo is a potent symbol with a wide range of meanings. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Coptic Cross is a cross that symbolizes the Coptic Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church. Meaning and Healing Properties. This He spoke, signifying by what death he would glorify God (John 21:18, 19). Pentagram or the pentacle On a side note, the Church of Satan founded by Anton LaVey states on their website that while their followers should feel free to use the inverted cross as a satanic symbol, their official symbol is the Sigil of Baphomet. After Constantine converted to Christianity , he abolished crucifixion as a death penalty and promoted, as symbols of the Christian faith, both the cross and the chi-rho monogram of the name of Christ. The upside down cross is an ancient symbol of St. Peter's crucifixion. The Eight Pointed Cross is a unique cross that is essentially a cross made up of four distinct V shapes. These shapes point inward, resulting in the eight points of the Eight Pointed Cross. However, these details of Peters death were not explicitly recorded in the Bible. It was on such a cross that the apostle Peter was crucified upside-down. What does a reverse cross mean? One of some twenty tattoos on 2Pac s body was a simple crown. About UsContact UsPrayer RequestsPrivacy Policy, Latest AnswersBible LessonsBibleAsk LIVEOnline Bible. What does a cross above a door mean? They must be straight lines, and the point where they meet must also be at a right angle. However, the older variant was far more straightforward, with four T-shapes surrounding a cross with a circle at the center. This Cross was used to symbolize life in many writings and depictions throughout Egyptian literature. Some say the peace sign is an upside-down cross. Anchor near his Left Ear 5. The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross , traditionally used as a Christian symbol , but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol. It also calls to mind the angel Gabriel, who is known in religion for being a messenger of God to the people. Dani Rhys has worked as a writer and editor for over 15 years. In the Christian faith, the cross is a symbol of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Church of England retained the ceremonial signing with the cross in the rite of baptism. Well, something that I wanted to point out, but has anyone else besides me noticed how the dove, supposedly representing the Holy . So its not completely surprising that rappers may choose to adopt gang tattoos, whether theyre directly affiliated or not. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. Inverted crosses are used as a symbol in certain ceremonies of the Satanic Church. It has been used by many different groups over the years, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used. What does the upside down cross mean? The Celtic Cross is a world known typically depicted and has become a traditional Christian symbol used by the faithful in Ireland for religious purposes. Another less popular story suggests that, by St. Patrick laying the symbol of the cross over the symbol of the sun he was showing them that Christ was a more powerful force then the sun god. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the inverted cross has become associated with Satanism and demonic activity. Now, the upside down cross is used by Satanists to identify themselves and represent their faith. In this sense, the inverted cross symbolizes humility in faith because Peter would not be crucified in the same manner that the Savior, Jesus Christ, was crucified. Our newsletter keeps our core readers connected. The Jerusalem Cross is a cross that features four small crosslets on each of the four quadrants of the main Cross. 1. Is it for you to remember, or is it for others to see? Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. Click to reveal Unlike an upside down crucifix, which seeks to invert and subvert its meaning, there is nothing satanic about an upside down cross. The swastika , called crux gammata, composed of four Greek capitals of the letter gamma, is marked on many early Christian tombs as a veiled symbol of the cross. In the 20th century a new emphasis emerged in Roman Catholicism , especially for crucifixes in liturgical settings. 3. The symbolism behind this meaning is that devout Christians must take up their own cross and follow the Lord. It can signify that the wearer has spent time in prison, or more specifically that the wearer was raped while incarcerated and tattooed by the rapist as a "property" mark and for humiliation, since facial tattoos cannot be concealed." They believed that it symbolized their martyrdom, with them dying in combat as an honor, resulting in them being sent to heaven. Hi, I am Kristen, who understands symbolism and the meanings of all objects.I have always been interested in the hidden meanings behind things, and how to use them to create a better world. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Every Friday, we send out an email with the scariest horror movies and TV shows streaming that weekend along with creepy news, updates from the horror movie pipeline, and links to the best scary content on the web. Furthermore, Pagans also place some meaning in the cross as it resembles Mjlnir, the hammer of Thor, in Nordic legend. Antolnez captures Peters vulnerability, depicting him as almost naked , thin and frail. As the cross is the most recognized symbol of Christianity, an upside down cross could represent anti-Christian sentiments. Weve created a community powered by horror fans like you and we need you in it. Peter cross redirects here. It has historically been used as a sign of Christianity in more recent years, it has also been deployed as an anti-Christian and Satan sign. They are essentially a reverse image, using your skin as the main subject. - The upside cross down cross tattoo is the Petrine Cross that holds key importance in Christianity. Horoscope signs are included According to several written records by Christian theologians and scholars like Origen of Alexandria (Origen Adamantius) and Eusebius of Caesarea (in his work titled Ecclesiastical History, 325 A.D.), when he was about to be crucified on the orders of the Roman Emperor Nero, Saint Peter asked to be hung upside down. This is suggested , a traditional symbol of Saint Peter. In contrast, an upside-down triangle represents female energy and is used in the symbols for water and earth, the two feminine elements. The Game is famous for his Compton tattoo across his torso, a place that many gang members represent proudly. Personalized Stethoscope Necklace with Name - Nurse Stethoscope Pendant, Personalized Black Chain & Pendant for Men - Bar Necklace for Men, Personalized Bracelet for Mom / Grandma with Kids Names, Number Necklace - Baseball, Football, Jersey, 4 Sided Bar Necklace Personalized 3D Bar Necklace, Hotwife Anklet - Customized Hotwife Ankle Bracelet with Name, Initial Letter Earrings - Stud Alphabet Earrings, Yin Yang Meaning The Hidden Meanings of Yin and Yang. Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site Thus publicly announcing himself as the first among Gods chief enemies, [Nero] was led on to the slaughter of the apostles. You can also see an upside down cross on the back of the Popes chair. This view has been greatly promoted by popular culture and media, where the upside down cross is portrayed as something evil and satanic. A great advantage that this gives you however is that you and the artist have a large amount of creative freedom to work with. Shouldnt everybody participate in the Lords Supper seeing that Judas had part of this service? Knights wore the Templar Cross, and it had symbolic meaning to them. Sometimes this tattoo is also called an inverted cross. See All Good Facts After the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , the Lutherans generally retained the ornamental and ceremonial use of the cross. It symbolized the papacy, because the Pope is considered Peters successor and the Bishop of Rome. The upside down cross is a frequent theme in popular culture and in metal bands. The Tau cross is recognized by its unique T-shape, with an arm being absent on the top.. You can also see an upside down cross on the back of the Pope's chair. The Celtic cross tattoo design is also very popular among first responders. The symbols became immensely popular in Christian art and funerary monuments from c. 350. What does the upside down t mean In mathematics, an upside down A means for all. Either way, the upside-down cross tattoo is can . In recent years, hip-hop artists have become more and more tatted as the trend continues to grow. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. Now according to the bible, the Apostle Peter was crucified upside down because he felt that he was not worthy to die in the same way as Jesus Christ.

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